Plant Information
| Scientific Name: | Hylocereus Costaricensis |
| Family Name: | Cactaceae |
| Common Name(s): | Dragon Fruit |
| Size: | 15 - 20' tall, 1' wide |
| Plant Type: | Perennial Succulent |
| Origin/Geographic Distribution: | It originates from the regions of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The plant has been widely cultivated beyond its native range, especially in other parts of the Americas, Asia, and Israel, due to its popularity for the exotic fruit it produces. |
| Native to: | Central America. More specifically, it originates & native to Costa Rica and Nicaragua. |
| Native range in the USA: | Not native to the U.S., dragon fruit plants are primarily grown in states like Florida, California, and Hawaii, where the climate is suitable for their growth. These areas provide the warm temperatures and relatively mild winters. |
| Conservation Status: | Does not currently have a designated conservation status under major international bodies. It is not listed as endangered or threatened. |
Cultivation
| Planting: | Requires full sun exposure for optimal growth so they should be planted in an area where they will get plenty of direct sunlight during the day. It should also be kept away from frosty temperatures since this could damage its delicate stems and leaves. They prefer soil with good drainage but need regular watering so that their roots are always moist; however, they should not be overwatered as this can lead to root rot or fungus growth on the stems or leaves of the plant. |
| Sun Exposure: | Full Sun, Part Shade |
| Soil Type: | Mostly Sand |
| Soil pH: | 6.1-7.5 slightly acidic - Neutral |
| Water Requirements: | Moist–slightly dry well drained. While drought-tolerant, regular watering during the growing season (spring and summer) promotes faster growth. Water should be reduced in the cooler months. Well-draining soil is crucial. Poor drainage can lead to root rot, stunting growth. |
| Fertilizer Requirements: | Every 4-6 weeks during the active growing season (spring and summer). Reduce or stop fertilizing in the fall and winter when the plant's growth naturally slows. Always observe your plant's response to the fertilization. Over-fertilization can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of fruit production or even damage the plant. |
| Pruning Requirements: | Pruning is best done after the fruit has been harvested, typically in the late fall or early winter. This helps prepare the plant for new growth in the spring.The main goals of pruning are to remove dead or diseased stems, thin out overcrowded areas to improve air circulation, and shape the plant to support fruit production and facilitate harvesting. |
| Growth Rate: | Fast growing under optimal conditions, Hylocereus costaricensis can extend its climbing or sprawling stems quite rapidly, sometimes adding several feet in a single growing season. It will also develop new branches and aerial roots that help it climb and secure itself if it’s being trained along a support structure like a trellis. |
| Companion Planting: | Companion planting can be a natural and effective way to enhance your dragon fruit garden, promote ecological health, and potentially improve fruit yield and quality. Read about companion planting on this web page. |
Tolerance and Hardiness
| Drought Tolerance: | Yes, the passion fruit plant has some level of drought tolerance, but it generally prefers regular watering to thrive and produce fruit. While mature plants can withstand short periods of drought better than young ones, consistent moisture is important, especially during flowering and fruit development phases. |
| Frost Tolerance: | 40°F |
| Heat Tolerance: | 125°F(in part shade) |
| Wind Tolerance: | Passion fruit plants have moderate wind tolerance, but they are generally vulnerable to strong winds, especially when carrying heavy fruit loads or during rapid vegetative growth. Wind can cause physical damage to the plant, such as broken stems and torn leaves, and can also stress the plant by causing increased water loss. |
| Salt Tolerance: | Not salt-tolerant. They are sensitive to both soil salinity and salt spray, which can be common in coastal areas. Salt accumulation in the soil can lead to several issues for passion fruit. |
| USDA Plant Hardiness Zones: | 10 - 11 |
Flower and Fruit Information
| Fruit Type: | Berry |
| Harvest Time: | The plant may take a few years to start producing fruit. With good care, mature plants can produce multiple fruit cycles per year, as the fruits typically develop about 30-50 days after flowering. |
| Fruit Description: | Notable for its vivid red skin covered in scales and an even more striking red flesh dotted with small black seeds. |
| Edible Plant: | Yes |
| Edible Parts: |
1. Fruit: The most commonly consumed part of the plant, the fruit has a vibrant red skin and flesh, which is sweet, mildly tart, and filled with small black seeds that are also edible. The entire pulp and the seeds within are consumed, either fresh or used in various culinary preparations. 2. Flowers: While less commonly eaten than the fruit, the large, white flowers of the dragon fruit plant are also edible. They can be used in salads, brewed into a tea, or even cooked in various dishes, offering a slightly sweet taste. |
| Medicinal: | Yes |
| Flower Color: | Are large and impressive, typically white or very light cream in color. |
| Flower Shape: | The flowers are large and showy, featuring a bell-like shape that opens widely to reveal numerous long, slender petals arranged in a layered, overlapping fashion. These petals extend outwards from a central corolla, creating a strikingly intricate and expansive display that adds to the exotic appearance of the plant. |
| Fragrance: | Often described as sweet and subtly tropical, reminiscent of vanilla or jasmine. They are most potent during the evening hours when the flowers are fully open. |
| Flower Bloom Time: | The flowering season generally spans from early summer through early fall. This can range from around June to September. The frequency of blooming during this period can be influenced by factors like temperature, humidity, and the plant's overall health. |
| Bloom Duration: | These nocturnal flowers bloom during the evening and often wilt by the morning, providing a short but spectacular display. |
| Pollination: Self or Other? |
To produce fruit, you need to have another genetically distinct plant of the same species or a compatible Hylocereus species nearby. This requirement for cross-pollination can be fulfilled by hand-pollination or by the natural action of pollinators like bats and moths, which are common pollinators for these plants in their native habitats. |
Wildlife
| Pollinators: | Moths & Bats, during the night. |
| Problematic Pest: | Mealybugs, Aphids, Scale Insects, Spider Mites, Snails, & Slugs. |
Health and Safety
| Toxic: | Not Toxic |
| Poisonous Parts of Plant: | None |
| Toxic to Humans: | No |
| Toxic to Animals: | No |
| Plant Diseases to be aware of: | Anthracnose, Stem Rot, Root Rot, Powdery Mildew, & Bacterial Soft Rot. |
Any reference to medicinal or culinary use of plants or plant parts should in no way be considered an endorsement by The Ocala Food Forest or its staff. Research is crucial in safe and proper consumption or experimentational use of any plant.
Dragon Fruit, Red (Hylocereus Costaricensis)
Dragon fruit, with its vibrant hues and unique appearance, is a delight not just to the palate but also to the eye. One of its lesser-known varieties, the Hylocereus costaricensis, or the Costa Rican pitaya, offers a deeper dive into the diverse world of this exotic fruit. Originating from Central America, particularly from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, this species is distinctive for its striking red flesh, which contrasts beautifully against its pink scaly exterior.
Hylocereus costaricensis belongs to the cacti family and thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. What sets it apart from its relatives, such as the more commonly known Hylocereus undatus which has white flesh, is not only its flesh color but also its richer, sweeter flavor. This makes it a favorite among chefs and food enthusiasts looking to add both color and taste to their dishes.
Growing Hylocereus costaricensis can be an exciting endeavor for gardeners. This cactus is a night bloomer and its flowers are large, fragrant, and only open after dark, often wilting by the morning. This ephemeral blooming adds an element of mystery and allure to its cultivation. Furthermore, the plant is relatively hardy, requiring minimal water once established and thriving in well-draining soil, making it suitable for xeriscaping.
Nutritionally, the Costa Rican pitaya is packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It is particularly high in vitamin C, fibers, and B vitamins, supporting better digestion and overall health. The seeds contain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are beneficial for heart health.
In recent years, Hylocereus costaricensis has gained popularity not just for its health benefits but also for its versatility in culinary applications. From smoothies and salads to exotic desserts, this dragon fruit variant is making its mark in the culinary world. Its vibrant red juice is also used as a natural food coloring, proving its utility extends beyond taste.
For those intrigued by rare and exotic fruits, Hylocereus costaricensis offers a fascinating glimpse into the diversity of nature's bounty. Its cultivation, nutritional benefits, and culinary versatility make it a worthy addition to the gardens and diets of those seeking a taste of the tropics. Whether you're a gardener, a chef, or simply a lover of exotic fruits, the Costa Rican pitaya is sure to impress with its stunning visuals and delicious flavor.
Varieties suitable for Florida
Hylocereus undatus (White Flesh Dragon Fruit):
Fruiting Season: Summer to early fall (typically July to October)
Pollination: Self-fertile, but hand pollination can improve fruit set and size.
Best Pollinators: Can benefit from cross-pollination with other Hylocereus species.
Planting Zone Range: 10-12
Description: Known for its white flesh and mild flavor, this variety is the most widely cultivated dragon fruit. It produces large, beautiful flowers that bloom at night.
Hylocereus costaricensis (Red Flesh Dragon Fruit):
Fruiting Season: Summer to early fall (typically July to October)
Pollination: Self-fertile, but hand pollination can enhance yield and fruit quality.
Best Pollinators: Benefits from being planted alongside other dragon fruit varieties for cross-pollination.
Planting Zone Range: 10-12
Description: This variety is valued for its deep red flesh and sweet flavor. It’s a vigorous grower with stunning flowers.
Hylocereus megalanthus (Yellow Dragon Fruit):
Fruiting Season: Late summer to fall
Pollination: Requires cross-pollination for effective fruiting.
Best Pollinators: Cross-pollination with other Hylocereus species is recommended.
Planting Zone Range: 10-12
Description: Features yellow-skinned fruits with white flesh inside. It is known for its sweet taste and is one of the most sought-after varieties.
These dragon fruit varieties are particularly suited to the warm, subtropical climate of Florida's planting zone 10-12. They thrive in high temperatures and can adapt to the region's mild winters, making them ideal for successful cultivation in your area. Hand pollination is often necessary to ensure a good harvest, especially in a garden setting where natural pollinators may not be adequate.
Companion Planting
Companion planting with Hylocereus costaricensis (dragon fruit) can be both practical and beneficial, enhancing biodiversity and possibly improving the overall health and productivity of your garden. Here are some effective companion plants for dragon fruit and reasons why they might be beneficial:
1. Legumes (Beans and Peas)
Benefits: Legumes fix nitrogen in the soil, which can benefit the nutrient-hungry dragon fruit.
Use: Plant around the base of the dragon fruit trellis; the legumes can use the structure for support while enriching the soil.
2. Marigolds
Benefits: Known to repel pests naturally and attract beneficial insects, marigolds can help protect dragon fruit plants from harmful pests.
Use: Plant marigolds around the perimeter of your dragon fruit planting area.
3. Basil
Benefits: This herb can repel thrips, flies, and mosquitoes and is said to improve the flavor of fruits and vegetables grown near it.
Use: Plant basil beneath or around your dragon fruit plants to create a protective and aromatic environment.
4. Garlic
Benefits: Garlic acts as a natural repellent for many pests due to its strong odor. It can help deter insect pests that might harm dragon fruit.
Use: Intersperse garlic plants around the dragon fruit to act as a barrier against pests.
5. Nasturtiums
Benefits: They attract aphids and other pests, functioning as a 'trap crop'; pests will target nasturtiums instead of the dragon fruit.
Use: Plant nasturtiums around the edges of your dragon fruit planting area.
6. Tall Shrubs or Small Trees
Benefits: They can provide partial shade and wind protection in very sunny or windy areas, creating a more favorable microclimate for dragon fruit.
Use: Plant strategically to shield dragon fruit from excessive sun or wind, but ensure they don't overshadow the cacti entirely.
7. Chives
Benefits: Like garlic, chives can help repel pests and are also believed to enhance the growth and flavor of fruit plants.
Use: Plant chives at the base of your dragon fruit plants.
Key Considerations:
Spacing: Ensure that companion plants do not compete with the dragon fruit for root space. Adequate spacing is essential.
Watering Needs: Consider the water requirements of each companion plant relative to those of dragon fruit, which needs less water than many other plants.
Light Requirements: Ensure that companion plants do not excessively shade the dragon fruit, which requires plenty of sunlight to thrive.